Newest sessions
This is Piddington’s online CPD library for our newest sessions.
If you are looking for other online CPD sessions click the following:
Please note:
Some sessions were recorded before the current CPD year. In accordance with Legal Profession Uniform Law Application Act (2022), Legal Profession Uniform Continuing Professional Development (Solicitors) Rules (2015) and Legal Profession Uniform Continuing Professional Development (Barristers) Rules (2015), the sessions and questions are regularly reviewed for relevance, and changed or deleted where appropriate.
Unless otherwise marked, all of our sessions are considered “interactive”.
Balancing careers
Many parents aren't just managing raising children and their own careers, they are also having to consider the career and ambitions of their partner, too.
In this session, Magistrate Linda Keane and Tony Hager (Geoffrey Miller Chambers) discuss how they mutually have pursued their own careers and raised their children as a team
The sessions considers blended families, high-pressure workplaces, competing deadlines and prioritising family responsibilities.
CPD points: 1 in CA1 (Practice Management).
Recorded between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025.
Mastering the art of stress
The practice of law brings with it unique stress, being unable to manage this can perpetuate the problem.
In this session, psychologist Dr Marny Lishman will present on stress reduction and management. She will provide actionable techniques for effectively managing stress, to reduce their impact on your performance and overall wellbeing.
This presentation covers a range of strategies, including mindfulness practices, time management skills, and relaxation techniques. Dr Lishman will discuss how to cultivate a healthier relationship with stress, enabling participants to boost productivity and achieve their goals without compromising their well-being.
CPD points: 1 in CA1 (Practice Management).
Recorded between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025.
Rule of Evidence - When don’t they apply?
Commissions and tribunals are not bound to apply the rules of evidence in the same way as courts. In some matters the rules do not apply at all.
It can be confusing to understand when and how they apply.
This session involves presentations from his Honour Judge Henry Jackson (Deputy President, State Administrative Tribunal) and Commissioner Toni Emmanuel (WA Industrial Relations Commission) about the application of the rules, including the context as to why commissions and tribunals have been created in the way they have been, clarifying their use across multiple jurisdictions and understanding the application of practice directions and case law on the matter.
CPD points: 1 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025.
Ethics in insurance law
In this session with their Honours Judge John Staude and Judge Hayley Cormann (both District Court of Western Australia), they will speak to current ethical issues in this practice area. They will be considering issues observed from the bench as well as the rules. Topics include client expectations, practitioner conduct, and professional engagement. They are joined in conversation with Daniel Brand.
CPD allocation: 1 points in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025.
Workplace Wellbeing
Managing our mental health can be hard, and is only more difficult when clients have complex and traumatic issues.
In this session, clinical psychologist Stephen Cohen and barrister Marion Buchanan cover a range of topics from self-management to organisational issues. They speak on topics including the categories of mental health issues facing lawyers and courts, realistic expectations for clients and those for individual lawyers.
CPD points: 1 in CA1 (Practice Management).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Wee the People: Vicarious liability today
Kate and Tom Offer consider the developments in vicarious liability in recent years.
Focusing on a series of High Court and appellate decisions, including Prince Alfred College Incorporated v ADC [2016] HCA 37, CCIG Investments Pty Ltd v Schokman [2023] HCA 21 and Bird v DP (a pseudonym) [2024] HCA 41 (though this session was before the decision was handed down).
They consider the history of vicarious liability and where the current issues are.
CPD points: 0.5 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Evidence Issues in Civil Litigation
The Hon Justice Darren Jackson and barrister Pip Honey consider the rules of evidence in civil matters.
They consider issues of admissibility, hearsay, handling objections and conferral, as well as speaking to the uniform evidence rules.
CPD points:0.5 in CA2 (Professional Skills), 1 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Mentally Impaired Accused - Perspective from policy-makers and practitioners
The Criminal Law (Mental Impairment) Act 2023 saw an overhaul of the management and treatment of people with mental impairments in the justice system. With a focus on the human rights of these individuals and procedural fairness, the Act saw changes to powers of the judiciary, processes of custody orders, appeals procedures and the establishment of a new Mental Impairment Review Tribunal, amongst others.
This session brings together Marion Buchanan (who was the Principal Policy Adviser to the WA Attorney General during the development of the laws) and Craig Astill, who was then a barrister and now a Judge.
CPD points: 1 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
The Right to Disconnect: Issues for lawyers and clients
As part of a sweep of changes to the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (FW Act), the Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Closing Loopholes) Bill 2023 has created a “right to disconnect”. This “right”, and its enforcement regime, will be contained in a New Division 6 to Part 2-9 of the FW Act. It will comprise of about five significant new statutory provisions, and a handful of relatively bespoke exemption provisions, that will be construed by decision-makers, debated by lawyers, and applied in practice by employees and employers.
Barrister Justin Pen walks through the law with consideration generally and that for lawyers and legal practices.
CPD allocation: 0.5 in CA1 (Practice Management), 0.5 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Snapchat, disappearing and encrypted message platforms as evidence
The Hon Justice Sam Vandongen (Court of Appeal) and Elly Sturgeon (Corrs Chambers Westgarth) work through issues relating to disappearing message platforms.
Ms Sturgeon provides an overview of the technology and general terms and conditions of platforms. Justice Vandongen outlines the law relating to the technology and how it can be used as evidence.
CPD allocation: 0.5 points in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
Bullying and sexual harassment jurisdiction of the WA Industrial Relations Commission
Commissioner Toni Emmanuel and Nikita Barsby (MDC Legal) go through developments and changes in the law relating to sexual harassment and bullying generally. They clarify the role of the WAIRC and when to engage in proceedings.
CPD allocation: 0.5 points in CA1 (Practice Management) and 0.5 points in CA4 (Substantive Law)
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
The In’s and Out’s of Expert Evidence
Registrar Tania Jeyamohan (District Court of Western Australia) works through assessing, applying and examining expert evidence. She considers the purpose of the intended expert evidence, role and duties of the expert, strategy around involving an expert as well as issues of privilege & confidentiality.
CPD allocation: 0.5 CPD points in CA2 (Professional Skills).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
Guiding clients with FASD and related health issues through the justice system
Magistrate Alana Padmanabham (Children's Court of Western Australia) and Dr Hayley Passmore (Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia) give an overview of what FASD is, the impact it has on clients, how to better communicate with them and maintaining their engagement through legal proceedings.
CPD allocation: 0.5 points in CA2 (Professional Skills), 0.5 points in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
O'Dea v Western Australia: The after party
A landmark decision for criminal lawyers, which was in relation to multi-accused offences and clarified the use of sections 7 and 8 in the Criminal Code (WA).
Join her Honour Mara Barone SC (District Court of Western Australia) and Robert Owen (Director of Public Prosecutions) as they consider the decision and explore how this affects cases moving forward and the need to address party liability in trials.
CPD allocation: 1 point in CA4 (Substantive Law)
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
Time Management: A User’s Guide
We have all been there: Overwhelmed by work, with more piling up and wondering how we can manage it all. In this session, join practitioners from different parts of the profession who will share their insight and advice on managing their workflow.
Speakers are Demi Swain (Bennett), Kate Turtley-Chappel (Legal Pathways), Curtis Ward (Clairs Keeley) and Lucy Wardle (MDC Legal) who will discuss their practices and strategies for staying on top of their work, getting ahead, how to manage competing priorities, managing up and dealing with an influx of work.
CPD: 0.5 CA1 (Practice Management).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
Out of Office: Craig Sanderson
Craig Sanderson served as a Master of the Supreme Court of Western Australia from 1996 until his retirement in June 2023. Across the course of his service, he became a prominent and revered judicial officer across a very wide range of matters.
In this session, free from the constraints of judicial office, Mr Sanderson, as he now is, will share his reflections on his time, including considering the role of Master, developments in law and practice generally. He provides remarks and takes questions from attendees, led by Amy Pascoe.
Kate McDonald, then the Acting Master, provides closing remarks.
CPD points: 0.5 in CA2 (Professional Skills) and 0.5 in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Reading Financial Documents - Issues for Litigation
In litigation, financial documents take on a new dimension with consideration to case theory, strategy and whether litigation will meet client goals all come into play.
That is why we have our next financial documents CPD session focused on litigation. Kim Lendich SC (Francis Burt Chambers) will cover how to approach and consider financial documents in litigation and the courtroom while Rhiannon Clews (Pitcher Partners) will consider analysing structures, statements, financial information and preparation of financial reports.
CPD points: 0.5 in CA2 (Professional Skills) and 0.5 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022.
A View From The Bench - Chief Justice of the Federal Court, the Hon Justice James Allsop AO
Chief Justice Allsop explores the role of the Federal Court of Australia in the Australian court system, and offer reflections on the past and point to the future of the Court. The Chief Justice will offer remarks and engage in a Q&A with the audience on topics of interest to them.
CPD points: 1 in CA4 (Substantive Law)
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
A discussion with Richard Beasley SC
Richard Beasley SC is a leading silk, with a prominent practice in environmental and public law. He has been Senior Counsel Assisting various inquiries, including on covid-19, the Murray-Darling river and more.
Outside of his legal successes, Mr Beasley SC wrote Hell Has Harbour Views.
Here he discusses ethical challenges and how they have developed, his work on major inquiries and environmental law.
CPD points: 0.5 CPD points in CA2 (Professional Skills), 0.5 CPD points in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022.
Body worn camera evidence
Since their introduction, body worn cameras have become a unique tool of the police.
In this session, consideration will be given to issues including the admissibility of body worn camera footage in court, relevance of the footage in trial, how it can be helpful, admissibility of admissions made to police wearing body worn cameras and other considerations of body worn cameras.
Speakers: Magistrate Genevieve Cleary, Lisa Boston (Francis Burt Chambers), Rebekah Sleeth (Albert Wolff Chambers).
CPD points: 1 point in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
Without Fear or Favour, Justice Sarah Derrington
In this speech The Hon Justice Sarah Derrington, President of the Australian Law Reform Commission, considers their inquiry into judicial bias. Amongst other reflections, her Honour outlines the recommendations made to the Federal Government.
CPD points: 0.5 points in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022.
Getting to yes
Negotiations and mediations can require lawyers to explain why, when and how an offer can benefit clients to avoid protract actions.
In this session, mediators and lawyers will discuss engaging parties early to resolve disputes in shorter timeframes. Consideration is paid to mediation and negotiation processes, unwilling personalities and approaches like best alternatives.
Registrar Jacquie Kubacz (District Court of Western Australia), who won Mediator of the Year at the 2024 Australian Alternative Dispute Resolution Awards, is in discussion with Toby Barrie (Barry Nilson).
CPD points: 1 CA2 (Professional Skills).
Recorded between 1 April 2025 and 31 March 2025.
Piddington AI Program
The expanded use of artificial intelligence is having a profound impact on the profession. With practice directions from the Courts, new platforms and yet-to-be answered questions about how to govern and manage AI law firms, Piddington has decided to create the Piddington AI Program.
In consultation with the profession, judiciary and technical experts, the Piddington AI Program covers what goes into AI and how it works, the tools practitioners and firms are using today and how AI can be governed and managed in a legal workplace.
All sessions in the Piddington AI Program were recorded between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025.
How AI works: Fiona McLay (McLay Legal Consulting) explains what AI is and how it works. This 101 of AI doesn't assume any technical understand of the technology and will assist in grasping how AI works.
CPD: 0.5 points in CA1 (Practice Management) and 0.5 in CA2 (Professional Skills)
How to use AI: Angus Lang SC (NSW Bar) is a leading legal practitioner and sought-after contributor on intellectual property law and AI, addressing developments in Australia and Europe. Katherine Thomas (CIE Legal) is an expert in the business of law.
Mr Lang considers issues related to practice management and the application of AI, while Ms Thomas considers the options for AI in the operations of a law firm and legal practice.
CPD: 0.5 points in CA1 (Practice Management) and 0.5 in CA4 (Substantive Law)
Ethical and governance considerations: By this session you will understand how AI works and what you can do with it, this session is focused on how to control it in a legal environment, considering relevant professional regulation and obligations. Speakers are Russell Daily (Legal Services and Complaints Officer, Legal Practice Board of WA) and Janie Plant (Capgemini).
CPD: 1 point in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility)
Data management - trends and issues
Data management is a big and complex topic, with new regulatory and legislative developments impacting organisations and individuals.
Professor Ed Santow (Human Technology Institute, University of Technology) is a former Australian Human Rights Commissioner who has spent more than a decade investigating issues related to privacy. He is an expert adviser on a range of government and industry boards. Clare Mould (Corrs Chambers Westgarth) is a senior lawyer focused on intellectual property, privacy and data, advising clients on matters including ownership and commercialisation.
Professor Santow considers the macro landscape and policy developments while Ms Mould speaks to practical issues facing clients and law firms.
CPD points: 0.5 CPD points in CA1 (Practice Management) and 0.5 CPD points in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025.
Ethical issues with client management and family violence
Led by Nicola Ashford (ASB Law), join this discussion and Q&A on ethics in family law focused on supporting clients when family violence is a factor. Considering the amendments to family law legislation, the speakers will consider issues including proofing clients, gathering evidence and substantiating claims.
Speakers include the Hon Justice Robin Cohen (Family Court of Western Australia), Jane Tudor-Owen (Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions)
CPD points: 1 CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Roder – The Right Way
Director of Public Prosecutions v Benjamin Roder (a pseudonym) [2024] HCA 15 was delivered by April 2024 and considers important issues related to cross-admissibility applications, propensity evidence, jury directions and tendency evidence, particularly in relation to sexual offences.
In this session, the Hon Justice Sam Vandongen (Court of Appeal until December 2024; Federal Court of Australia from December 2024) and Senior State Prosecutor Gemma Beggs discuss the case and key issues for prosecution and defence lawyers. Justice Vandongen speaks to the background of the case, the reasoning and jurisprudence. Ms Beggs speaks to issues relating to the application of the decision, particularly on applications that may be brought by the State, the types of directions judicial officers should give and what issues practitioners should be looking out for in light of this decision.
CPD points: 1 CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025
Pricing Legal Services: Clients, costs and business continuity
Finding the right price for your legal services is hard - you are balancing client expectations, regulation, salaries and payments as well as maintaining a business.
In this session, Gemma Nugent (Sound Legal) and Nic D'Adamo (FMD Legal) discuss their own experiences since starting their firms and how they approach pricing for their clients and how this has developed over time. They are joined by Amy Pascoe (Pascoe Legal) who considers current issues in legal costs, including what is being charged, what is disallowed and what is changing.
The presenters will also consider issues across front-end and back-end legal work, clients across sectors and market forces.
CPD points: 1 in CA1 (Practice Management).
Recorded between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025.
To appoint or not to appoint – When should you consider the appointment of referees and assessors?
In this session, the Hon Justice Jenni Hill considers the appointment of assessors and referees in construction matters.
Her Honour notes that the WA Supreme Court has not embraced the use of referees and has, to my knowledge, appointed an assessor on only one occasion. This is in contrast to the practice in most other superior courts where, particularly in the commercial list of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, referees are appointed on a regular basis, including to hear what is, in effect, the entire dispute.
Her Honour considers the history of referees, legislation and case law, the difference between referees and assessors and what to consider when seeking to appoint one, amongst other issues.
CPD points: 1 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Small to Medium Construction Adjudications: SAT or District Court, Where Should I Start?
Small to medium sized construction disputes are tricky matters to resolve cost-effectively. This session is led by Clinton Russell (Francis Burt Chambers), he is joined by Tania Jeyamohan (then District Court of Western Australia) and Scott Ellis (Francis Burt Chambers).
This session will consider construction adjudications under the Building and Construction (Security of Payment) Act 2021 (WA), both adjudication and adjudication review processes.
The speakers will also consider enforcement of determinations and applications pursuant to s27 of the Act where either no response is received to a payment claim or a payment schedule provides for a payment, and the jurisdiction and processes for claims at the District Court of Western Australia and State Administrative Tribunal.
CPD points: 1.5 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Tax Deductions for Lawyers and Legal Practices
For lawyers and legal practices, every year around tax time we need clarifications and want to know what can be deducted. We usually need to be more on top of it than before June 30 comes around.
Joshua Haque (Pitcher Partners) will provide a presentation and answer questions on this topic. He will cover everything from what you can cover as an individual lawyer, including CPD/training, your home office and more, through to options for practices to maximise your spend.
CPD points: 0.5 CA1 (Practice Management), 0.5 CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
Briefing Counsel
Whether you brief counsel regularly or infrequently, it can be a daunting undertaking.
While all barristers have different requirements for their briefs, this session will look at how your briefs should consider case theory, how to frame that and how this supports the efficient resolution of a dispute.
The speakers have different practice areas to share their advice, insight and tips for getting this right. The speakers are Craig Astill, Hayley Cormann and Rachel Oakeley. This session was recorded prior to the appointments of Judge Astill and Judge Cormann.
CPD points: 0.5 in CA1 (Practice Management) and 0.5 in CA2 (Professional Skills).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
The Hon Rene Le Miere KC: What Judges Want
Now off the bench, the Hon Rene Le Miere KC reflects on an almost two-decade judicial career.
Mr Le Miere shares insights on preparation, advocacy and ethics in how to be a better lawyer, support your clients and achieve resolutions.
CPD allocation: 0.5 points in CA2 (Professional Skills) and 0.5 points in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
Working with and supporting LGBTIQA+ clients
While most legal discrimination against LGBTIQA+ people has been removed, challenges continue to face the community.
In this session, hear from members of the community and lawyers who have supported LGBTIQA+ people with legal issues and through the justice system. This session will primarily consider supporting these clients and navigating the often complex legal issues that face them.
Speakers: Lauren Butterly (Pride WA), Briannen Morrow (Butlers Lawyers and Notaries) and Aidan Ricciardo (UWA Law School)
CPD points: 1 CA1 (Practice Management).
Recorded between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024.
Balancing careers
Many parents aren't just managing raising children and their own careers, they are also having to consider the career and ambitions of their partner, too.
In this session, we have brought together her Honour Judge Natalie Whitby (District Court of Western Australia) with her husband the Hon Reece Whitby MLA (Minister for Environment and Climate Action) who will discuss how they mutually have pursued their own careers and raised four children as a team.
This session is led by Felicity McLeish (Wright Prospecting) and consideration will be given to issues around dealing with deadlines and high-pressure workplaces and jobs, home-life structures that allow people to maintain demanding work, prioritising family responsibilities over those at work and escaping the stress of work and family demands.
CPD points: 0.5 CPD points in CA1 (Practice Management) and 0.5 CPD points in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022.
TRANS AND NON-BINARY ISSUES IN THE LAW
The LGBTQIA+ community in Australia has taken large strides towards equality in recent years. With the spotlight shifting away from marriage equality, the treatment of transgender and non-binary people has gained more attention.
This is a discussion of recent developments in the law in Western Australia and Australia, with a focus on the legal process for changing one’s gender.
This session is chaired by Tom Durkin who is joined by Steven Penglis SC (Fourth Floor Chambers) Robin Cohen (as her Honour then was) and Misty Farquhar OAM (Curtin University). This conversation will highlight where future reforms might lie.
CPD points: 1 in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022.
2021 MEET THE SILKS
Join the Hon Justice Gail Archer with the 2020 Senior Counsel appointees, Matthew Curwood SC (Francis Burt Chambers), Graham Droppert SC (Albert Wolff Chambers), Lindsay Fox SC (Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions), Penelope Giles SC (Murray Chambers), Kim Lendich SC (Francis Burt Chambers) and Alan Sefton SC (State Counsel).
CPD points: 1 point in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2020 and 31 March 2021.
Ethics in Mediations
Ethical and professional considerations cross everything we do. With more disputes being resolved in mediations, including online mediations, there are different ethical considerations.
Join this discussion with mediators and practitioners about ethical challenges and experiences. Registrar Russell Trott (Federal Court of Australia) will be joined by Aaron McDonald (Pragma Lawyers) and Lucy Thomas (Paterson and Dowding).
Registrar Trott will be speaking about how ethical conduct by solicitors and counsel can lead to better outcomes, other issues canvassed will include those in family law, ethical requirements and standards in mediations. Mr McDonald and Ms Thomas discuss ethical issues in their respective practice areas.
CPD points: 1 point in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
The Uniform Profession in practice with Libby Fulham and Russell Daily
Hearing from the Legal Practice Board and Legal Profession Complaints Committee about the uniform profession in practice as it relates to overall regulation and complaints. This session was recorded a few months after the the uniform profession came into effect, Libbt Fulham and Russell Daily consider the practice issues that have arisen.
CPD points: 0.5 CPD points in CA1 (Practice Management) and 0.5 CPD points in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.
The role of the master
Master Craig Sanderson (Supreme Court of Western Australia) provides an overview of the functions and remit of the Master of the Supreme Court and how practitioners can better use and engage with this are of the Court.
CPD points: 0.5 points in CA4 (Substantive Law).
Recorded between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022.
Managing Up
In this session, three lawyers from different parts of the profession will discuss their experiences and share their advice on how to manage up in ways that maintain sustainable workflow, knowing how and when to say no, considering your own mental health and navigating ethical issues. Consideration will be given to issues relating to working with clients, non-lawyers and within larger teams.
At time of recording, Julien Blais is a legal associate at Gold Corp and previously worked in commercial litigation for a top-tier firm, Richa Malaviya is a lawyer in the Djinda team at the Women's Legal Service and has worked across the community legal sector in Perth and regional Western Australia and Maggie Shipp is a solicitor at Cullen Macleod Lawyers working across litigation and commercial matters.
CPD points: 0.5 CPD points in CA1 (Practice Management) and 0.5 CPD points in CA3 (Ethics and Professional Responsibility).
Recorded between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022.
Costs and the uniform profession law
Join legal costs expert Amy Pascoe as she provides a comprehensive update to legal costs and the uniform profession law, including highlighting some issues she is seeing arise now the law is in place.
CPD points: 0.5 CPD points in CA1 (Practice Management).
Recorded between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023.